(AGENPARL) – Mon 13 October 2025 Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento
(Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems)
Number
October 2025
Report on the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy:
results from ECB SPACE 2024 survey
Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento
(Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems)
Report on the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy:
results from ECB SPACE 2024 survey
Number 68 – October 2025
The papers published in the ‘Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems’ series provide
information and analysis on aspects regarding the institutional duties of the Bank of
Italy in relation to the monitoring of financial markets and payment systems and the
development and management of the corresponding infrastructures in order to foster
a better understanding of these issues and stimulate discussion among institutions,
economic actors and citizens.
The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
those of the Bank of Italy.
The series is available online at http://www.bancaditalia.it.
Printed copies can be requested from the Paolo Baffi Library:
Editorial Board: Stefano Siviero, Paolo Del Giovane, Massimo Doria,
Giuseppe Zingrillo, Paolo Libri, Guerino Ardizzi, Paolo Bramini, Francesco Columba,
Luca Filidi, Tiziana Pietraforte, Alfonso Puorro, Antonio Sparacino.
Secretariat: Yi Teresa Wu.
ISSN 2724-6418 (online)
ISSN 2724-640X (print)
Banca d’Italia
Via Nazionale, 91 – 00184 Rome – Italy
Designed and printing by the Printing and Publishing Division of the Bank of Italy
REPORT ON THE PAYMENT ATTITUDES
OF CONSUMERS IN ITALY:
RESULTS FROM ECB SPACE 2024 SURVEY
Abstract
This report presents the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy, based on the ‘Study on the payment
attitudes of consumers in the euro area (SPACE) – 2024’, conducted by the European Central Bank
between the end of 2023 and the first half of 2024. The main purpose of the report is to provide
updated information on the prevailing trends in the use of payment instruments in Italy and, where
applicable and relevant, to compare them with those of the euro area and with data from previous
surveys (conducted in 2016, 2019 and 2022). The data show that, while cash remains the main
payment instrument at the point of sale (POS), especially for low-value purchases (up to €50), its
overall usage has gradually declined. Cashless payments are on the rise overall, also owing to
an increase in e-commerce purchases. In addition to being the main alternative to cash for POS
transactions, cards continue to be the most used payment instrument both in terms of number and
value of transactions for online payments. Moreover, mobile payments at the POS and e-payments
solutions for online purchases have been growing as well.
KJEL Classification: EL41, D12, D14.
Keywords: payment instruments, cash, payment attitudes, consumers’ payment behaviour.
Sintesi
Il rapporto presenta le abitudini di pagamento dei consumatori in Italia, sulla base dei risultati
dell’indagine condotta nell’area dell’euro dalla Banca Centrale Europea tra la fine del 2023
e la prima metà del 2024 (Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area –
SPACE 2024). Lo scopo principale del documento è fornire informazioni aggiornate sulle tendenze
nell’utilizzo degli strumenti di pagamento nel nostro Paese e, ove possibile e utile, confrontarle
con quelle dell’area dell’euro e delle indagini precedenti (condotte nel 2016, nel 2019 e nel
2022). I dati mostrano che, sebbene il contante rimanga lo strumento di pagamento principale
presso il punto vendita fisico (Point of Sale – POS), specialmente per gli acquisti di valore ridotto
(fino a €50), il suo utilizzo si è progressivamente ridotto. I pagamenti con strumenti elettronici
stanno complessivamente aumentando, supportati anche dalla crescita del commercio elettronico.
Le carte, oltre a rappresentare la principale alternativa al contante per le transazioni al POS,
continuano anche a essere lo strumento di pagamento più utilizzato, in termini sia di numero sia
di valore, per gli acquisti online. Inoltre, crescono i servizi di pagamento digitali tramite dispositivi
mobile al POS e per gli acquisti online (e-payments).
This report was edited by Gabriele Coletti, Marialucia Longo, Laura Painelli, Emanuele Pimpini and Giorgia Rocco
of the Retail Payment Instruments and Services Directorate at Banca d’Italia.
CONTENTS
Executive summary
1. Introduction
2. Methodology and data
3. Non-recurring payments
3.1 Payments at POS
3.2 Online payments
3.3 P2P payments
4. Recurring payments
5. Preferences for payment instruments
6. Access to cash
7. Access to non-cash means of payment
7.1 Ownership of crypto-assets
References
Appendix: additional figures
Executive summary
This statistical report, based on the study conducted by the European Central Bank (ECB)
on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area (SPACE) in 2024, updates the
information on consumer payment behaviour in Italy. The new survey was conducted
between September 2023 and June 2024 and, in the case of Italy, it collected information
from a sample of 4,088 respondents. Whenever possible and meaningful, the Italian
results are compared with those for the euro area and with the results of previous SPACE
surveys (in 2019 and 2022) and, where relevant, with a previous ECB study on the use of
cash by households in the euro area (SUCH), conducted in 2016, in order to facilitate
international comparisons and to identify possible trends.
The new SPACE 2024 study shows that in Italy:
− the use of cash at the physical point of sale (POS) is higher than the euro area average,
although its share has continued to decline in recent years. In terms of the number of
transactions, cash payments account for 61% of all POS transactions (69% in 2022;
82% in 2019), compared to 32% for card transactions (26% in 2022; 16% in 2019)
and approximately 4% for mobile payments (2% in 2022). In a cross-country
comparison, Italy remains one of the euro area countries with the largest cash usage;
− in terms of transaction value, cash payments account for 49% of total POS purchases
(in line with 2022; 58% in 2019), compared to 39% for card transactions (43% in
2022; 32% in 2019) and 5% for mobile payments (2% in 2022);
− cash continues to be the most relevant instrument for purchases up to €50, though its
usage has declined for almost all transaction sizes. In particular, it accounts for 64%
of transactions up to €30 (76% in 2022; 89% in 2019) and 56% of payments between
€30 and €50 (54% in 2022; 61% in 2019). However, for purchases between €50 and
€100, cash represents only 44% of transactions (45% in 2022; 54% in 2019). Across
all transaction value ranges, cash usage at POS in Italy is higher than in the euro area;
− compared to previous surveys, the heterogeneity in the use of digital payments
among Italian regions has somewhat reduced and the gender gap is narrowed. The
use of cash remains particularly relevant among the elderly, less educated and lowincome population groups, while mobile devices are mainly used by younger people
(generation Z and millennials);
− the acceptance of cards and other non-cash payment methods by merchants has
increased to 87% (80% in 2022);
− the share of online payments has grown significantly, now representing 24% of total
non-recurring transactions1 (16% in 2022), confirming a trend observed among other
euro-area countries. Cards remain the most widely used instrument for online
Non-recurring day-to-day payments refer to payments at the physical point of sale (POS), person-toperson payments (P2P) and online payments, defined as good and services ordered and paid for online.
payments (51% in volume and 52% in value), followed by e-payment solutions (28%
in volume and 26% in value);
− for person-to-person (P2P) transactions, cash is the most widely used payment
instrument, accounting for 44% of transactions,2 followed by payments with cards
and mobile apps (43%);
− as in the rest of the euro area, direct debit is the most commonly used instrument for
recurring payments,3 while cash plays only a minor role;
− despite cash still being the most frequently used instrument at POS, Italian
consumers strongly express a preference for cashless payment methods when they
can freely choose how to pay. The majority of respondents prefer electronic
payments (61%) over cash (20%). Compared to other euro area countries, Italy ranks
among those with the strongest preference for cashless payments;
− the main perceived advantages of using cards are convenience (avoiding the need to
carry cash), as well as security and transaction speed. Cash, on the other hand, is
preferred for providing better control over spending and for its broader acceptance
by merchants. In any event, the share of Italian respondents who consider it important
to be able to pay in cash has increased to 58% (from 52% in 2022) and 58% of
respondents has expressed privacy concerns related to the use of digital payments
(60% in the euro area);
− ATMs remain the primary source of cash provision for 76% of respondents.4 Cash
provision in physical shops and from retailers, such as cashback and cash-in-shop
services, is still not common neither in Italy nor in the euro area (5% and 3%;
respectively. Overall, satisfaction with access to cash remains high but it has slightly
declined, with 89% of Italian respondents considering it easy to obtain cash (93% in
2022). Italy has one of the lowest percentages of people reporting difficulties in
accessing cash in the euro area countries;
− the share of consumers who report owning crypto-assets has increased to 9% (2% in
2022), as in the euro area; most of them hold such digital assets for investment
purposes (54%), while only 20% of them use crypto-assets as a means of payment.
In the previous surveys P2P transactions were recorded only in the physical payment diary while not in
the online payment one, thus underreporting transactions for this use case. As a result, the 2024 figures
are not directly comparable to those in 2022 and 2019.
Recurring payments are made on a weekly, monthly, annual or other basis and include several categories:
rent or mortgage, utility bills, insurance, telephone or internet bills, taxes and public charges, subscriptions
(e.g. magazines, sports club, streaming TV), season tickets for transport and loans.
Data for 2024 are not directly comparable to 2019 and 2022 due to the different definition of withdrawals,
which also included an additional category for personal cash reserves in prior years.
1. Introduction
Consumers’ preferences and behaviour in payments are progressively evolving towards
digital transactions. In this context, the Eurosystem is engaged in closely monitoring
emerging trends and the nature and extent of changes in payment habits by conducting
regular surveys among consumers, consisting of a payment diary and an accompanying
questionnaire. The survey allows to estimate the share of different payment methods in
the various use cases, taking into account the most recent innovations in the payment
system. Moreover, the granular information provides interesting insights about payment
trends according to the demographic characteristics of the respondents.
The first survey was carried out by the ECB in 2016, with the Study on the Use of Cash
by Households in the euro area (SUCH – Esselink and Hernández, 2017), where the diary
reported payment behaviour only at the point of sale (POS) and for person-to-person
(P2P) transactions. In 2019, the ECB expanded the scope of the survey with the Study on
the Payment Attitudes of Consumers in the euro area (SPACE), by considering online
and recurring payments in the payment diary as well as by extending questions about
consumer preferences for cash and digital payments and other habits in order to provide
a more comprehensive understanding of payment trends.5 In 2020 the ECB also decided
to carry out the SPACE survey every two years. The main results of the various rounds
of the SPACE survey are described in ECB (2020, 2022, 2024).6
This report focuses on payment behaviour in Italy, leveraging on the granular data from
the SPACE 2024 survey. It also provides a detailed comparison, where possible, with the
results of the previous rounds of the survey (Rocco, 2019; Coletti et al., 2022; Bank of
Italy, 2023) and, to offer a broader perspective, tries to contextualize the Italian picture
within the euro area framework. Finally, the report examines key factors of payment
choices in Italy (i.e. socio-demographic characteristics, transaction size, and the adoption
of digital technologies) drawing from the recent study by Di Iorio and Rocco (2025).
The report is structured as follows. Section 2 briefly summarizes the methodology of the
ECB consumer payment surveys and describes the data. Section 3 and Section 4 analyze,
respectively, non-recurring and recurring transactions. Section 5 assesses consumers’
preferences for the various payment options. Section 6 focuses on access to cash, while
Section 7 describes access to alternative instruments and the ownership of crypto-assets.7
2. Methodology and data
The SPACE 2024 survey follows the methodological framework established in SPACE
2019 and SPACE 2022, allowing for comparability across most indicators. The survey
covered 18 euro area countries, excluding Germany and the Netherlands, where the
The results of SUCH are not fully comparable with those of SPACE not only because of the partial overlap
in output variables, but also for the somewhat different survey methods.
For the purposes of this report, it is specified that SUCH 2016, SPACE 2019, SPACE 2022, and SPACE
2024 refer to the surveys and data therein, whereas Esselink and Hernández (2017) and ECB (2020, 2022,
2024) constitute the bibliographic sources in which the main results for each survey are reported.
The report also includes a list of charts in the Appendix to assess in more detail the payment trends
described in Sections 3 to 7.
Deutsche Bundesbank (DBB) and De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) and the Dutch
Payments Association (DPA) carry out their own surveys on payment behaviour and
integrate their data in the ECB reports since their questionnaires were largely harmonised
with the one used for the other countries.
Data are collected using an identical questionnaire translated into the national language.
In order to prevent panel bias, half interviews are conducted online (computer‑assisted
web interviewing – CAWI) and half over the telephone (computer‑assisted telephone
interviewing – CATI) using a mix of mobile and fixed lines. The total sample size across
participating countries was 40,981 respondents, with quotas set for country, age, gender,
and day of the week to ensure representativeness. To capture the potential seasonality in
consumers’ payment behaviour, interviews were conducted in two waves: the first one
between 26 September and 16 November 2023, and the second round, between 9 April
and 3 June 2024.
A sample of euro-area residents older than 18 years was asked to fill in three payment
diaries and a questionnaire on their behaviour and attitudes towards cash and cashless
payment instruments. The diaries cover non-recurring payments, namely: (i) POS
payments; (ii) P2P payments; (iii) online payments; (iv) recurring payments. POS, P2P,
and online transactions were recorded in a one-day diary, while recurring payments
referred to transactions made in the previous 30 days. Compared to its predecessor, the
questionnaire has been expanded to include, for example, more questions on preferences,
on cash withdrawal behaviour, and privacy concerns.
Most of the 2019 and 2022 data are comparable with the 2024 data. The main change
from the earlier SPACE surveys is the inclusion of private payments to another person as
a separate category of online payments. Due to this, the data on P2P payments are not
comparable with the data from previous SPACE surveys. In addition, as the payments
market is constantly evolving, the response options for payment instruments have been
updated, especially for online payments. These changes have no impact on comparability
but enable more effective analysis of the 2024 data.
The total sample size achieved in Italy is 4,088 individuals out of a total of 40,981
respondents in the 18 euro-area countries. Overall, Italian payment diaries data, that refer
to non-recurring payments, consist of 8,050 transactions for POS, 397 for P2P and 2,837
for online shopping. On the other hand, recurring payments, consisting of a selection of
bill payments made in the 30 days prior to the interview date, amount to 11,825.
3. Non-recurring payments
Non-recurring day-to-day payments refer to payments made to purchase goods and
services at the physical point of sale (POS), person-to-person payments (P2P) not
connected to the purchase of goods and services, and online payments, defined as good
and services ordered and paid for online.8
Figure 1
Non-recurring payments by payment situation
(a) Number of payments
Euro Area
Italy
Online
3% 6%
5% 7%
Euro Area
Italy
(b) Value of payments
Online
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE 2019, 2022 and 2024 data.
The share of online payments in consumers’ non-recurring purchases has increased
considerably, while the share of payments at the POS has further declined. The
incidence of P2P payments has remained broadly stable.
In 2024 the share of online payments in day-to-day non-recurring transactions in Italy
reaches 24% in terms of number (16% in 2022; 6% in 2019; fig. 1a) and 38% in terms of
value (26% in 2022; 16% in 2019; fig. 1b), reflecting a larger reliance to this payment
channel for high-value transactions. This trend is in line with the euro area, where online
transactions account for 21% in terms of number (17% in 2022; 7% in 2019), and 36% in
terms of value (28% in 2022; 18% in 2019).
In Italy, POS payments still represent the bulk of the daily retail payments market, albeit
decreasing over time; they account for 73% of total non-recurring purchases in terms of
number (81% in 2022; 90% in 2019) and 58% in terms of value (69% in 2022; 76% in
2019). Italian figures are in line with the euro area ones: of all day-to-day payments, 75%
are made at the POS in 2024 (80% in 2022; 87% in 2019) accounting for 58% in terms
of value (68% in 2022; 76% in 2019). This evidence suggests that POS payments are
mainly made for low-value purchases, as confirmed by the average value of transactions
which is €28 compared to €55 for online payments.
From SPACE 2022 the transactions ordered online but paid at the point of sale (e.g. paying a courier at
the door) are not considered as online transactions; therefore, cash is not among means of payment available
for online transactions.
Finally, the incidence of P2P transactions has remained broadly stable at 3% of all nonrecurring payments (as in 2022 and in 2019), while it has slightly decreased to 4% in
terms of value (5% in 2022; 8% in 2019). In the euro area this share has remained stable
at 4% in terms of number (as in 2022), while it has slightly increased to 6% in terms of
value (5% in 2022).
Payments at POS
The data confirm a downward trend in the use of cash at the POS, alongside an
increase in card usage. However, cash remains the most frequently used instrument.
In terms of volume, the share of cash payments at the POS in Italy further declined to
61% in 2024 (69% in 2022; 82% in 2019; fig. 2a), while the share of card payments rose
to 32% (26% in 2022; 16% in 2019). In the euro area, cash payments represent 52% of
total POS payments (59% in 2022; 72% in 2019), while card payments have reached 39%
(34% in 2022; 25% in 2019). Italy remains more reliant on cash than the euro area average
(see fig. 2), and has very high percentages of cash use both in volume and in value (see
also Chart 5 of the ECB, 2024).
In terms of value, in Italy the share of non-cash payments at the POS remained stable at
51% (fig. 2b), thus confirming a weak dominance over cash (49%). Specifically, cashless
transactions include 39% from card transactions (43% in 2022; 32% in 2019) and 5%
from mobile payments (2% in 2022). In the euro area, the use of non-cash instruments
shows higher figures (61% of the value of POS transactions, from 52% in 2022) if
compared to Italy.
The use of mobile payments has increased but remains still limited for POS transactions
in Italy (4% and 5% in number and value, respectively). In the euro area mobile payments
show a slightly higher usage (6% and 7% in number and value, respectively).
Figure 2
Share of payment instruments used at the POS
(a) Number of payments
(b) Value of payments
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SUCH (2016), SPACE 2019, 2022 and 2024 data.
Notes: “Other” includes bank cheques, credit transfers, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards and other payment
instruments.
The average value of transactions differs across the means of payment, standing at €23
for cash, €34 for cards, €42 for mobile payments and €53 for other means of payments
(mainly credit transfers and loyalty points).
The choice of payment instrument at the POS is significantly associated to the value
of the transaction. Cash is used especially for low-value payments, while adoption of
cards, mobile apps and other instruments increases with the transaction size.
Both for Italy and the euro area, the decline of cash usage at the POS over time was
observed for all the value payments; however, some differences still persist in the usage
of the various instruments (fig. 3). As for low-value transactions (up to €30), cash remains
by far the dominant payment instrument in Italy, accounting for 64% of such transactions
in 2024 (76% in 2022 and 89% in 2019), followed by cards (30% of transactions in 2024
against 20% in 2022 and 10% in 2019). Mobile phone apps still play a much minor role
(3%). This evidence contributes to the understanding of the overall dominant role of cash,
as low-value payments account for 74% of all POS transactions.
Figure 3
POS payments by value range and payment instrument
(a) Italy: distribution of transaction value
[0-€30]
€30-€50]
€50-€100]
[>€100]
(b) Italy: payment instrument breakdown
(c) Euro area: distribution of transaction value
€50-€100]
€30-€50]
€50-€100]
€30-€50]
[>€100]
[0-€30]
[>€100]
[0-€30]
(d) Euro area: payment instrument breakdown
Cards
Mobile phone app
Other
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SUCH 2016, SPACE 2019, 2022 and 2024 data.
Notes: “Other” includes bank cheques, credit transfers, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards and other payment
instruments.
When considering transactions between €30 and €50, cash remains the leading
instrument, standing at 56% of such payments (54% in 2022; 61% in 2019), the incidence
of cards slightly declined to 37% (41% in 2022; 38% in 2019) while that of mobile apps
has increased to 4% (from 2% in 2022; negligible in 2019).
Cash is the most used instrument for transactions between €50 and €100, accounting for
44% of all payments (45% in 2022; 54% in 2019), while the share of mobile payments
has increased to 6% (2% in 2022; negligible in 2019). Finally, non-cash-payments (cards
and mobile) are used for the bulk of high-value payments (over €100), accounting for
55% (54% in 2022; 45% in 2019), while the role of cash has progressively declined (it
accounts only for 32% of payments, from 35% in 2022 and 40 % in 2019).
In the euro area the usage of cash at the POS is lower if compared to Italy for all ranges
of the transaction value. However, albeit substantial differences still persist especially for
low-value payments, the Italian gap in cash usage for transactions higher than €50 is
narrowing, thus suggesting an ongoing converge process towards the euro area picture.
Differences in payment habits among population groups and across Italian regions
are limited. Across all regions, cash is the most frequently used payment instrument at
POS, followed by cards and mobile payments (fig. A1.3); these figures differ slightly
from the national average. The gender gap is negligible, with men and women reporting
similar shares of cash, card and mobile payments (fig. A1.5). Older people (over 65)
exhibit a higher reliance on cash (66% of transactions by number and 58% by value),
while younger individuals (under 24) show their cash usage to levels lower than those of
other age groups. Furthermore, generation Z and millennials (aged 18–39) are also more
likely to use innovative instruments like mobile payments (7% in terms of number of
transactions). Educational and income disparities hold: less educated individuals and
those with lower incomes rely heavily on cash, with both shares equal to 64% (figs A1.5
and A1.9), respectively, by number of transactions, and 52% and 49% by value (figs A1.6
and A1.10). While these gaps are important, the adoption of non-cash instruments is
widespread across all population groups.
Payment habits differ considerably across locations and for different purposes. In
terms of value of transactions (fig. A1.12), cash is largely used for home services (69%),
for other type of services (67%) and for pick-up station (65%), which together accounts
for about 9% of total POS expenditure. The value of card payments overtakes cash ones
for travel purposes (65%), for taxes and public charges (64%), for other purchases (54%),
for purchase of durable goods (51%), and culture and entertainment (29%), which all
combined account for 20% of total POS expenditures. The value of mobile payments is
particularly relevant for travel purposes (22%), for purchases on the street (15%) and at
vending or ticketing machine (8%), which together account for 13% of total POS
expenditure.
According to respondents’ perception, the acceptance of cashless payment
instruments at the POS has improved. The acceptance of cashless payments (fig.
A1.13; right panel) stands at 87% (80% in 2022, see Chart 46 of ECB, 2024), similarly
to the euro area. Travel related purchases and culture and entertainment have the highest
rate of non-cash instruments acceptance (around 96%). The lowest acceptance is recorded
for pick-up station (76%) and home services (77%). Participants also report their
experience in the acceptance of their preferred payment method. Most of them (68%)
always used their desired method, while 12% faced at least one refusal of mobile or card
payment, while 6% reported that these instruments are not accepted below a certain value
of the transaction. Finally, 7% of them experienced at least one case of cash nonacceptance (fig. A1.13).
Online payments
For online payments, cards continue to be the most widely used payment method. In
terms of the number of transactions, the picture in Italy has remained broadly unchanged
from 2022 (fig. 4a); card payments slightly increased to 51% in 2024 (50% in 2022; 58%
in 2019), while they have somewhat declined in the euro area (48% in 2024; 51% in 2022;
54% in 2019). E-payment solutions9 have shown a marginal increase in Italy (28% in
2024; 27% in 2022; 29% in 2019) and a more pronounced rise in the euro area (29% in
2024; 26% in 2022). The share of credit transfers has remained small in Italy (3% in 2024;
5% in 2022; 3% in 2019) and in the euro area (5% in 2024; 6% in 2022; 7% in 2019).
Notably, the category “other” payment methods, which includes direct debits, loyalty
points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto assets, and other unidentified solutions, increased
slightly both in Italy (18% in 2024; 17% in 2022) and in the euro area (18% in 2024;17%
in 2022).
Figure 4
Share of payment instruments used for online purchases
(a) Number of payments
Euro area
54.5%
50.7%
48.3%
Italy
57.6%
28.6%
27.1%
51.3%
27.7%
E-payment solutions
Other
52.0%
46.6%
46.5%
28.8%
25.9%
50.2%
Credit transfer
29.3%
Cards
Euro area
Italy
(b) Value of payments
14.6%
25.4%
15.9%
24.0%
25.9%
61.3%
51.5%
13.4%
52.4%
Cards
Credit transfer
23.4%
21.1%
25.9%
E-payment solutions
Other
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE 2019, 2022 and 2024 data.
In terms of the value of transactions (fig. 4b), cards remain the dominant payment method
with 52% of transactions in Italy (51% in 2022; 61% in 2019) and 47% in the euro area
(as in 2022). E-payment solutions have gained traction, increasing their share to 26% both
E-payment solutions refer to digital tools that allow people to make payments over the internet and include
payment wallets (e.g. Satispay and BancomatPay), PayPal and other online or mobile apps. These solutions
can be used to pay for products or services directly from a computer or smartphone.
in Italy (21% in 2022) and in the euro area (24% in 2022). Credit transfers have also seen
a steady decrease in value in Italy, reaching 7% (13% in 2022), and in the euro area (9%
in 2024; 16% in 2022).
The average value of transactions differs considerably across means of payment (fig.
A2.2), standing at €106 for credit transfers, €57 for card transactions and €52 for epayments, thus confirming that credit transfers are mainly used for high-value payments.
Cards are the most widely used payment method across different types of purchase,
but the relevance of non-card instruments varies. For instance, the use of cards in
terms of volume (fig. A2.11) ranges from 59% for durable goods to 43% for other
purchases. E-payments represent the second most widely used method across all
categories, particularly in sectors such as travel (32%), culture and entertainment and
durable goods (28%). Credit transfers, although less commonly used, hold a not
negligible share in specific contexts such as travel (6%) and other purchases (7%).
P2P payments
Cash is the most widely used payment instrument for P2P payments, followed by
cards and mobile apps. Cash payments account for 44% of total P2P transactions in Italy
(fig. A3.1), higher than 41% in the euro area.10 Cards and mobile apps have relevance in
Italy, almost equal to cash, representing 43% of total P2P transactions, higher than 36%
of the euro area. Credit transfers and instant payments play only a smaller role (5% and
3%, respectively).
In terms of value, cash loses its dominance to cards and mobile apps (34% and 40%,
respectively), while credit transfers also become more important (16%), thus reaffirming
that cash tends to be used to exchange low amounts, while cashless instruments,
especially credit transfers, are used more for high amounts.
Recurring payments
In addition to day-to-day payments, consumers make recurring payments on a weekly,
monthly, annual or other frequency. In this regard, Italian consumers have reported (fig.
A4.1) that the most common recurring payment they make is for utilities (about 73%) and
telephone and internet bills (70%), followed by subscriptions (36%), insurance (26%),
rent (24%), taxes and public charges (20%), mortgage (19%), school, childcare, tuition
and paying back debt or consumer loans (14%).
Direct debit is the most commonly used instrument for almost all types of recurring
payment. In terms of number of transactions (fig. A4.2), Italian consumers use it mainly
to pay back debts or loans (65%), for telephone/internet bills (63%), mortgages (57%),
utilities (57%), subscriptions (44%), rent (38%) and taxes and public charges (32%).
In the 2024 SPACE survey, P2P transactions have been included in both the physical and online payment
diary, whereas in the 2019 and 2022 surveys, P2P payments were included only in the physical payment
diary. Therefore, the 2024 figures are not directly comparable to those in 2022 and 2019. Nevertheless, by
considering P2P transactions related to the physical payment diary, cash payments in the 2024 SPACE
survey account for 65% and 54% in terms of volume and value, respectively. On the contrary, the share of
P2P payments made by cards and mobile has increased to 28% (from 7% in 2022).
Cards are also widely used, being the most commonly used means of paying for
subscriptions (41%), school, childcare, tuition fees (39%) and insurance (34%), and
ranking second in all other categories except rent and mortgage, where transfers play a
greater role. In terms of value of transactions, the picture remains broadly unchanged,
with credit transfers gaining market share, corroborating the view that this instrument is
mainly used for high-value transactions. In the euro area, direct debits are the most widely
used instrument, while, unlike in Italy, credit transfers are more important in terms of
both volume and value.
5. Preferences for payment instruments
In Italy people prefer to pay with cashless payment instruments, especially cards for
transactions at the POS and bank transfers for P2P payments. Italians strongly prefer
cashless payment instruments at the POS. The majority of respondents say that they
would pay with cards or other cashless methods (61%; fig. 5a) if they were free to choose
how to pay in a shop.11 Italy is therefore one of the countries with the highest preference
for cashless payment in the euro area (55%). More specifically, among those who prefer
cashless payment,12 debit and credit cards (78%) are widely the preferred method, as in
the euro area (81%). Cash is the preferred means of payment for only 20% of Italian
respondents, slightly less than in the euro area (22%). Considering the actual behaviour
at the POS, with 61% of transactions made in cash (see fig. 2), there is a discrepancy
between respondents’ stated preferences and their actual behaviour at the POS, mainly
due to the lack of acceptance of alternative instruments by merchants, especially for lowvalue transactions, as pointed out by Di Iorio and Rocco (2025) for SPACE 2019.
In 2024 the questionnaire included a new question to obtain more information about
preferred payment methods for P2P transactions. In Italy, 45% of respondents prefer to
use bank transfers, while only 28% of them prefer to use cash, compared to 35% in the
euro area. The preference for cash for P2P payments is, therefore, higher than for
transactions at POS, but less pronounced if compared to the euro area (fig. 5a).
As for the perceived main advantages of the various payment methods, Italian consumers
reported that cash is widely accepted (36%) and it gives a clear overview of expenses
(33%; fig. 5b), while only a limited number reported anonymity and privacy protection
as a relevant issue (22% against 41% in the euro area). On the other hand, the main
reasons for using cards are related to convenience (respondents do not need to carry cash
with them; 60%), fast use (36%) and safety (35%), broadly in line with the euro area.
The question for preferences is asked in a general way (“If you were offered various payment methods
in a shop, what would be your preference?”), and no distinction is made in the question between high-value
and low-value payments. This means that if respondents had a preference for cash specifically when making
low-value payments, for example, their answers would not show this. In addition, the acceptance of
different payment methods is not considered.
Data for preferred non-cash payment in 2024 are not directly comparable to 2022 due to different
specification of the answer categories.
Figure 5
Preferences for payment instruments
(b) Perceived advantages of payment
instruments
(a) Preferences at the POS and for P2P
transactions
don’t have to worry about carrying enough cash
cards
are faster
are safer
are easier
provide greater awareness of spending
are accepted in more situations
provide greater awareness of spending
are accepted in more situations
anonymous/ protecting my privacy better
are easier
are faster
immediately settled
are safer
Italy
(c) Main factors that would persuade consumers
to try new payment solutions
Euro Area
(d) Privacy concerns
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE 2024 data.
Preferences for different payment instruments exhibit small variability at territorial
level and among population groups. The preference for cashless instruments at the POS
(figs A5.1 and A5.2) is lower in the South (ranking from 54% in Sicily and Sardinia to
58% in the other south regions) than in the North (more than 60%), higher for respondents
younger than 24 year old (68%) as well as high-educated respondents (over 65%).
The majority of Italians still consider it important to pay with cash. Having the option
to pay with cash remains very or fairly important for 58% of respondents in Italy (fig.
A6.21), less than in the euro area (62%, see Chart 19 in ECB, 2024), but growing since
2022 (52%, see Bank of Italy, 2023), showing that Italian citizens again see cash as a
relevant and important way of paying despite using it less. This perception is more
pronounced across the central-southern regions and among self-employed, manual
worker and people with lower income (figs A6.23 and A6.24 ).
In Italy, there is interest in trying new payment solutions considering costs and
easiness of use as key factors. For the first time, the survey asked to the consumers what
factors would convince them to try out alternative payment solutions (fig. 5c). Italians are
more open to trying new payment solutions, with only 10% saying they are not interested,
compared to 14% in the euro area (fig. 5c). They prioritize the costs of payment
instruments, with 36% of respondents considering cheaper options to try out new payment
solutions, higher than the 29% in the euro area, where cost is only the third most important
factor, after security and ease of use. In Italy, ease of use is the second most important
feature (35%), while there is less interest in security (33%) and privacy (23%). Interest in
innovation, although not a key factor (14%), is higher than in the euro area (11%).
A majority of consumers report to be concerned about their privacy when
performing digital payments. Among the factors driving preference or interest in trying
a new payment solution, privacy appears to be a minor issue for Italians compared to the
area average. However, when asked a more specific question about privacy concerns
(introduced in 2024), the percentage of Italian respondents concerned (58%; fig. 5d) is
slightly lower compared to the euro area (60%). In both Italy and the euro area, concerns
are evenly split between keeping transactions private and the risk of data being used for
commercial purposes.
6. Access to cash
In Italy, access to cash remains largely satisfactory and still dependent on the ATM
network. People obtain cash from various sources (fig. 6), with ATMs still representing
the main channel (76%), although it shows a slight decrease compared to 202213 (77%)
and to the euro area (79%). Withdrawals via bank counters are the second option both in
Italy and at the euro area level accounting for 10% and 8%, respectively. In particular,
62% of respondents claim they normally withdraw cash in combination with other
activities (e.g. going to work, shopping, etc.), while 31% declare to make a special
journey from home to the ATM or the bank (fig. A6.5).
Cash provision in physical shops and from retailers – such as cashback and cash-in-shop
services – is still not common neither in Italy nor in the euro area (5% and 3%; 4% and
2% of total withdrawals; respectively fig. 6a). Respondents were also asked with a
specific question whether they had the possibility to withdraw cash at shop counters:
around 42% of respondents declare to have access to cash-in-shop service (fig. A6.25).
However, only 24% of interviewed claim to use it.
In Italy, 89% of respondents perceive access to the cash withdrawals as very or fairly easy
(fig. 6b) while 10% of them report difficulty in access to cash, being one of the countries
in the euro area with a lower rate of people stating the access to cash as difficult.
Nevertheless, for Italy, perceived ease of access has shown a decrease since 2022.
In the SPACE 2024 survey, withdrawals are defined as “taking cash money out of an account” differing
from 2022 where the question was more general also including “your cash-reserves”.
Figure 6
Sources and access to cash
(b) Access to cash
Ease of access to cash
withdrawals
(a) Cash sources
Bank counter
Pay fees for cash
withdrawals
Cashback
Cash in shop
Other
Italy
Very or Fairly easy
Very or Fairly difficult
Never or Rarely
Always or Most times
Euro Area
Italy
Euro Area
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE 2024 data.
Replies to a specific question on the use of cash as a store of value suggest that 35% of
respondents keep cash at home for precautionary reasons (fig. A6.13). This figure is more
pronounced for younger people aged under 24 (45%; fig. A6.14). Almost all respondents
hold less than €1,000 euros for precautionary purposes (fig. A6.17).
7. Access to non-cash means of payment
Access to non-cash means of payment is widespread. The survey also investigates
consumers’ access to an account for payments and access to non-cash means of payment,
which are both relevant for financial inclusion considerations. The possession of a bank
account for payments is common in Italy (87%; fig. 7a), although slightly lower than in
the euro area (93%). The gap narrows when looking at the possession of a payment card
(88% and 92%, respectively), even though the share of respondents who own a payment
card decreased in Italy from 2022 (-4 p.p, see Bank of Italy, 2023). However, a similar
trend has been observed also for almost all the euro area countries.
There is a north-south gap in payment card ownership. Payment card ownership
shows a north-south gap, which stands at 3 p.p. (88% and 85% in the northern regions
and in the southern region, respectively; fig. A7.1). When looking at socio‑demographic
characteristics (figs A7.2, A7.3 and A7.4), low-income and unemployed people report the
lowest rate of card possession (81%), followed by individuals with lower levels of
education and young people aged under 24 (about 86% and 87%, respectively).
More than one in two respondents report to have access to instant payments. The
SEPA Instant Credit Transfer (SCT Inst) enables pan-European credit transfers with the
funds made available on the account of the recipient in less than ten seconds, 24 hours a
day, 365 days a year. According to the survey, instant payments are available to 56% of
respondents in Italy, compared to 62% in the euro area (fig. 7a).
Figure 7
Indicators of access to cashless payment instruments and crypto-assets
(a) Ownership of cards, accounts and access
to instant payments
(b) Crypto-assets
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE 2022 data.
7.1 Ownership of crypto-assets
The ownership of crypto-assets among the public remains low in Italy. Despite the
increasing interest in crypto-assets, their uptake among the general population has grown
to 9% in 2024 (2% in 2022; fig. A7.5), aligning with the euro area average of 9% (4% in
2022), where a similar trend is observed.14 The possession of crypto-assets is more
common among males (9%; fig. A7.6), and generation Z and millennials (up to 39 years
old, 12%).
Respondents who reported holding crypto-assets were also asked whether they used them
for payments or investment purposes (fig. 7b). In Italy, crypto-assets are predominantly
held for investment purposes (54% in 2024; 55% in 2022) and to a lesser extent for
payments (20% in 2024; 15% in 2022). This pattern is less evident than in the euro area,
where the dominance of investment purpose of owning crypto assets is even more
pronounced, reaching 64% (70% in 2022), and payments purpose falls to 16% (10% in
2022; fig. 7b). However, an increasing interest in using crypto-assets only as means of
payment is observed.
In 2022, the question on ownership of crypto-assets was a sub-item of the question about ownership of
payment accounts and cards. In 2024, ownership of crypto-assets was covered as a separate question. This
change in the questionnaire could have had an impact on reporting of crypto-asset ownership.
References
Bank of Italy (2023), Report on the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy: results from
the ECB SPACE 2022 survey, Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems, Institutional
Issues no. 42, November 2023.
Coletti, G., A. Di Iorio, E. Pimpini and G. Rocco (2022), Report on the payment attitudes
of consumers in Italy: results from ECB surveys, Bank of Italy Markets, Infrastructures,
Payment Systems, Institutional Issues no. 21, March 2022.
Di Iorio, A. and G. Rocco (2025), Easier said than done: why Italians pay in cash while
preferring cashless, International Journal of Central Banking, 21(3), 155-184.
Esselink, H. and L. Hernandez (2017), The use of cash by households in the euro area
(SUCH 2016), ECB Occasional Paper Series no. 201, November 2017.
European Central Bank – ECB (2020), Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in
the euro area (SPACE 2019), December 2020.
European Central Bank – ECB (2022), Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in
the euro area (SPACE 2022), December 2022.
European Central Bank – ECB (2024), Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in
the euro area (SPACE 2024), December 2024.
Rocco, G. (2019), The use of cash in Italy: evidence from the ECB Study on the use of
cash by households, Bank of Italy Occasional Papers no. 481, January 2019.
Appendix: additional figures
This part of the paper is aimed at providing the reader with a comprehensive set of charts in order to
draw a more detailed outline of Italians’ payment habits.
Following the same path as Sections 3 to 7 of the main text, the sequence of the figures starts from
the use of payment instruments in Italy in POS payments (Section A1) and then continues dealing
with online payments and P2P transactions (Sections A2 and A3, respectively). A picture of recurring
payments is outlined afterwards (Section A4), followed by an overview of consumers’ payment
preferences (Section A5). Access to cash in Italy is the core of the following part (Section A6). The
appendix concludes with a focus on the access to payment instruments such as cards or crypto-assets
(Section A7).
In what follows, percentages may not add up to 100 per cent due to rounding. Moreover, the
subdivision into Italian macro-regions is aimed at achieving representativeness of the population of
the sample.
List of Charts
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS) ……………………………………………….. 27
Fig. A1.1. Share of payment instruments in POS transactions ………………………………………………………. 27
Fig. A1.2. Frequency distribution of POS transaction value by payment instrument ……………………….. 28
Fig. A1.3. Use of payment instruments by geographical area: number of transactions …………………….. 29
Fig. A1.4. Use of payment instruments by geographical area: value of transactions ………………………… 29
Fig. A1.5. Use of payment instruments by demographic: number of transactions ……………………………. 30
Fig. A1.6. Use of payment instruments by demographic: value of transactions ………………………………. 30
Fig. A1.7. Use of payment instruments by occupation: number of transactions ………………………………. 31
Fig. A1.8. Use of payment instruments by occupation: value of transactions …………………………………. 31
Fig. A1.9. Use of payment instruments by income group: number of transactions ………………………….. 32
Fig. A1.10. Use of payment instruments by income group: value of transactions ……………………………. 32
Fig. A1.11. Payments by place of purchase (left panel) and by place of purchase and instrument (right
panel): number of transactions …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Fig. A1.12. Payments by place of purchase (left panel) and by place of purchase and instrument (right
panel): value of transactions …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Fig. A1.13. Share of POS transactions where cash (left panel) or a cashless instrument (right panel) is
accepted by place of purchase ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Fig. A1.14. Average value of POS transactions by place of purchase ……………………………………………. 34
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments ……………………………………………………. 35
Fig. A2.1. Share of payment instruments in online payments ……………………………………………………….. 35
Fig. A2.2. Average value of online transactions per payment instrument ……………………………………….. 35
Fig. A2.3. Use of payment instruments in online payments by geographical area: number of transactions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Fig. A2.4. Use of payment instruments in online payments by geographical area: value of transactions36
Fig. A2.5. Use of payment instruments in online payments by demographic: number of transactions .. 37
Fig. A2.6. Use of payment instruments by demographic: value of transactions ………………………………. 37
Fig. A2.7. Use of payment instruments in online payments by occupation: number of transactions …… 38
Fig. A2.8. Use of payment instruments in online payments by occupation: value of transactions ……… 38
Fig. A2.9. Use of payment instruments in online payments by income group: number of transactions . 39
Fig. A2.10. Use of payment instruments in online payments by income group: value of transactions … 39
Fig. A2.11. Online payments by product type (left panel) and by product type and instrument (right panel):
number of transactions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
Fig. A2.12. Online payments by product type (left panel) and by product type and instrument (right panel):
value of transactions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments ………………………………………………………. 41
Fig. A3.1. Share of payment instruments in P2P transactions……………………………………………………….. 41
Fig. A3.2. Average value of P2P transactions per payment instrument ………………………………………….. 41
Fig. A3.3. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by geographical area: number of transactions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Fig. A3.4. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by geographical area: value of transactions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Fig. A3.5. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by demographic: number of transactions .. 43
Fig. A3.6. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by demographic: value of transactions …… 43
Fig. A3.7. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by occupation: number of transactions ….. 44
Fig. A3.8. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by occupation: value of transactions ……… 44
Fig. A3.9. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by income group: number of transactions . 45
Fig. A3.10. Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by income group: value of transactions .. 45
A4. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Recurring payments ………………………………………………. 46
Fig. A4.1. Recurring payments by type of bill: share of respondents and average amount ……………….. 46
Fig. A4.2. Recurring payments by type of bill and payment instrument: number of transactions ………. 47
Fig. A4.3. Recurring payments by type of bill and payment instrument: value of transactions ………….. 47
A5. Consumers’ payment preferences in Italy ………………………………………………………………………. 48
Fig. A5.1. Preferred payment instrument by geographical area …………………………………………………….. 48
Fig. A5.2. Preferred payment instrument by demographic……………………………………………………………. 48
Fig. A5.3. Preferred payment instrument by occupation ………………………………………………………………. 49
Fig. A5.4. Preferred payment instrument by income group ………………………………………………………….. 49
A6. Access to cash in Italy………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Fig. A6.1. Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by geographical area ……………….. 50
Fig. A6.2. Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by demographic ……………………… 50
Fig. A6.3. Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by occupation ………………………… 51
Fig. A6.4. Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by income group …………………….. 51
Fig. A6.5. Journeys to make cash withdrawals by geographical area …………………………………………….. 52
Fig. A6.6. Journeys to make cash withdrawals by demographic……………………………………………………. 52
Fig. A6.7. Journeys to make cash withdrawals by occupation ………………………………………………………. 53
Fig. A6.8. Journeys to make cash withdrawals by income group ………………………………………………….. 53
Fig. A6.9. Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by geographical area …………………………………………. 54
Fig. A6.10. Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by demographic ……………………………………………… 54
Fig. A6.11. Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by occupation ………………………………………………… 55
Fig. A6.12. Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by income group …………………………………………….. 55
Fig. A6.13. Share of respondents storing cash at home by geographical area …………………………………. 56
Fig. A6.14. Share of respondents storing cash at home by demographic ………………………………………… 56
Fig. A6.15. Share of respondents storing cash at home by occupation …………………………………………… 57
Fig. A6.16. Share of respondents storing cash at home by income group……………………………………….. 57
Fig. A6.17. Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by geographical area
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Fig. A6.18. Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by demographic .. 58
Fig. A6.19. Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by occupation …… 59
Fig. A6.20. Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by income group . 59
Fig. A6.21. The importance of having the option to pay with cash by geographical area …………………. 60
Fig. A6.22. The importance of having the option to pay with cash by demographic ………………………… 60
Fig. A6.23. The importance of having the option to pay with cash by occupation …………………………… 61
Fig. A6.24. The importance of having the option to pay with cash by income group……………………….. 61
Fig. A6.25. Availability of the cash-in-shop option by geographical area ………………………………………. 62
Fig. A6.26. Availability of the cash-in-shop option by demographic …………………………………………….. 62
Fig. A6.27. Availability of the cash-in-shop option by occupation………………………………………………… 63
Fig. A6.28. Availability of the cash-in-shop option by income group ……………………………………………. 63
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy …………………………………………………………………………… 64
Fig. A7.1. Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment
instrument by geographical area ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
Fig. A7.2. Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment
instrument by demographic ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Fig. A7.3. Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment
instrument by occupation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
Fig. A7.4. Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment
instrument by income group …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Fig. A7.5. Possession of crypto-assets by geographical area ………………………………………………………… 66
Fig. A7.6. Possession of crypto-assets by demographic ……………………………………………………………….. 66
Fig. A7.7. Possession of crypto-assets by occupation ………………………………………………………………….. 67
Fig. A7.8. Possession of crypto-assets by income group ……………………………………………………………… 67
Fig. A7.9. Use of crypto-assets by geographical area ………………………………………………………………….. 68
Fig. A7.10. Use of crypto-assets by demographic ……………………………………………………………………….. 68
Fig. A7.11. Use of crypto-assets by occupation ………………………………………………………………………….. 69
Fig. A7.12. Use of crypto-assets by income group………………………………………………………………………. 69
Fig. A7.13. Reported access to instant payments by geographical area ………………………………………….. 70
Fig. A7.14. Reported access to instant payments by demographic ………………………………………………… 70
Fig. A7.15. Reported access to instant payments by occupation……………………………………………………. 71
Fig. A7.16. Reported access to instant payments by income group ……………………………………………….. 71
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.1
Share of payment instruments in POS transactions
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications
installed on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card
tokenisation (e.g. ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes
credit transfers, bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.2
Frequency distribution of POS transaction value by payment instrument
(percentages, euro)
(a) Cash
(b) Cards
(c) Mobile
(d) Others
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.3
Use of payment instruments by geographical area
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications
installed on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card
tokenisation (e.g. ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes
credit transfers, bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
Fig. A1.4
Use of payment instruments by geographical area
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications
installed on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card
tokenisation (e.g. ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes
credit transfers, bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.5
Use of payment instruments by demographic
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
Fig. A1.6
Use of payment instruments by demographic
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.7
Use of payment instruments by occupation
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
Fig. A1.8
Use of payment instruments by occupation
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments..
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.9
Use of payment instruments by income group
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
Fig. A1.10
Use of payment instruments by income group
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications installed
on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card tokenisation (e.g.
ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes credit transfers,
bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.11
Payments by place of purchase (left panel) and
by place of purchase and instrument (right panel)
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications
installed on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card
tokenisation (e.g. ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes
credit transfers, bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
Fig. A1.12
Payments by place of purchase (left panel) and
by place of purchase and instrument (right panel)
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards); the “Mobile” category includes applications
installed on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) and wearables (e.g. smartwatches or fitness armbands), such as apps for card
tokenisation (e.g. ApplePay and GooglePay) and digital wallets (e.g. Satispay, Bancomat Pay, PayPal); the “Others” category includes
credit transfers, bank cheques, direct debits, loyalty points, vouchers, gift cards, crypto-assets and other payment instruments.
A1. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Point of sale (POS)
Fig. A1.13
Share of POS transactions where cash (left panel)
or a cashless instrument (right panel) is accepted by place of purchase
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A1.14
Average value of POS transactions by place of purchase
(euro)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.1
Share of payment instruments in online payments
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.2
Average value of online transactions per payment instrument
(euro)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.3
Use of payment instruments in online payments by geographical area
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.4
Use of payment instruments in online payments by geographical area
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.5
Use of payment instruments in online payments by demographic
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.6
Use of payment instruments in online payments by demographic
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.7
Use of payment instruments in online payments by occupation
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.8
Use of payment instruments in online payments by occupation
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.9
Use of payment instruments in online payments by income group
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.10
Use of payment instruments in online payments by income group
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A2. Use of payment instruments in Italy – online payments
Fig. A2.11
Online payments by product type (left panel) and by product type and instrument (right panel)
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A2.12
Online payments by product type (left panel) and by product type and instrument (right panel)
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the ‘E-payment solutions’ category includes PayPal and other online or mobile payment methods; the ‘Others’ category includes
bank cheques, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments
Fig. A3.1
Share of payment instruments in P2P transactions
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A3.2
Average value of P2P transactions per payment instrument
(euro)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments
Fig. A3.3
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by geographical area
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A3.4
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by geographical area
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments
Fig. A3.5
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by demographic
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A3.6
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by demographic
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments
Fig. A3.7
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by occupation
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A3.8
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by occupation
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A3. Use of payment instruments in Italy – P2P payments
Fig. A3.9
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by income group
(number of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
Fig. A3.10
Use of payment instruments in P2P transactions by income group
(value of transactions)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Notes: the “Cards and Mobile Apps” category includes physical cards (debit, credit and prepaid cards), apps on mobile phone,
smartwatch, fitness armband or another smart device, payment wallets, PayPal and other mobile apps (online); the “Others” category
includes bank cheques, direct debit, loyalty points, vouchers and gift cards, crypto-assets, BNPL and other payment instruments.
A4. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Recurring payments
Fig. A4.1
Recurring payments by type of bill: share of respondents and average amount
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A4. Use of payment instruments in Italy – Recurring payments
Fig. A4.2
Recurring payments by type of bill and payment instrument
(number of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the ‘Others’ category includes bank cheques.
Fig. A4.3
Recurring payments by type of bill and payment instrument
(value of transactions, percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the ‘Others’ category includes bank cheques.
A5. Consumers’ payment preferences in Italy
Fig. A5.1
Preferred payment instrument by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A5.2
Preferred payment instrument by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A5. Consumers’ payment preferences in Italy
Fig. A5.3
Preferred payment instrument by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A5.4
Preferred payment instrument by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.1
Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.2
Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.3
Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.4
Ease of access to cash withdrawals at an ATM or a bank by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.5
Journeys to make cash withdrawals by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.6
Journeys to make cash withdrawals by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.7
Journeys to make cash withdrawals by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.8
Journeys to make cash withdrawals by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.9
Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.10
Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.11
Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.12
Reported frequency of ATM fees paid by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.13
Share of respondents storing cash at home by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
Fig. A6.14
Share of respondents storing cash at home by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.15
Share of respondents storing cash at home by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
Fig. A6.16
Share of respondents storing cash at home by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.17
Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the category “Up to EUR 500” is not shown in the graph, as it would be out of scale.
Fig. A6.18
Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the category “Up to EUR 500” is not shown in the graph, as it would be out of scale.
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.19
Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the category “Up to EUR 500” is not shown in the graph, as it would be out of scale.
Fig. A6.20
Amount of extra cash held by those who reported storing cash at home by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Note: the category “Up to EUR 500” is not shown in the graph, as it would be out of scale.
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.21
The importance of having the option to pay with cash by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE data (2024).
Fig. A6.22
The importance of having the option to pay with cash by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.23
The importance of having the option to pay with cash by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.24
The importance of having the option to pay with cash by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.25
Availability of the cash-in-shop option by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE data (2024).
Fig. A6.26
Availability of the cash-in-shop option by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A6. Access to cash in Italy
Fig. A6.27
Availability of the cash-in-shop option by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A6.28
Availability of the cash-in-shop option by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.1
Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment instrument
by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.2
Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment instrument
by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.3
Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment instrument
by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.4
Share of respondents who have a bank account or a payment card or a mobile payment instrument
by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.5
Possession of crypto-assets by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
Fig. A7.6
Possession of crypto-assets by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.7
Possession of crypto-assets by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
Fig. A7.8
Possession of crypto-assets by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2019, 2022 and 2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.9
Use of crypto-assets by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.10
Use of crypto-assets by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.11
Use of crypto-assets by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.12
Use of crypto-assets by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.13
Reported access to instant payments by geographical area
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.14
Reported access to instant payments by demographic
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
A7. Access to payment instruments in Italy
Fig. A7.15
Reported access to instant payments by occupation
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
Fig. A7.16
Reported access to instant payments by income group
(percentages)
Source: authors’ calculations based on ECB SPACE survey data (2024).
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Faralli and Francesco Ruggiero
n. 63
Exploratory survey of the Italian market for cybersecurity testing services, by Anna Barcheri,
Luca Bastianelli, Tommaso Curcio, Luca De Angelis, Paolo De Joannon, Gianluca Ralli and
Diego Ruggeri
n. 64
A practical implementation of a quantum-safe PKI in a payment systems environment,
by Luca Buccella and Stefano Massi
n. 65
Stewardship Policies. A Survey of the Main Issues, by Marco Fanari, Enrico Bernardini,
Elisabetta Cecchet, Francesco Columba, Johnny Di Giampaolo, Gabriele Fraboni, Donatella
La Licata, Simone Letta, Gianluca Mango and Roberta Occhilupo
n. 66
Is there an equity greenium in the euro area?, by Marco Fanari, Marianna Caccavaio, Davide
Di Zio, Simone Letta and Ciriaco Milano
n. 67
Open Banking in Italy: A Comprehensive Report, by Carlo Cafarotti and Ravenio Parrini