(AGENPARL) – mer 22 febbraio 2023 Having trouble viewing this press release? [Read it online](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6gTQXqoFtB58fI1KeAEfz1y-2Bti-2BvNUlVpcyO0aIkMHlftbOc5tTxzqRHSozjpd4wuPHB-2FNehwpj1G6HniPjc3Q-2BzG48-2BUM0QbYJyPCQad6bjip-2BrUBkUepj25vcia3RNNRATzMp6rkPKCItV6Dla83M-3Dl_Yl_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSaD06JkL0qVgtmGcZmemeYQnODN128OFDnU3-2Fs9Un6v8tRuOTKiEOzXIApVZQ6xDZE5awgIku1Nnn3Myb5NZM5YsrqbBo0TDI2JQ2Pzz7wIljfPr5jmT4z2b6t2wyxfzNc3idC2uoPh5VKYwRZhO-2BLG2c-2FB6GOludHndQLrTQfuZDwgfc2irOuIfqVFKEVuHZQ-3D-3D).
https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6gTQXqoFtB58fI1KeAEfz1y-2Bti-2BvNUlVpcyO0aIkMHlftbOc5tTxzqRHSozjpd4wuPHB-2FNehwpj1G6HniPjc3Q-2BzG48-2BUM0QbYJyPCQad6bjip-2BrUBkUepj25vcia3RNNRATzMp6rkPKCItV6Dla83M-3DzEn-_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSWsftrK9qLAW16CKIRDf2VKbdAfUmeF-2Bc13TiGIjHCJNgB8Rdhhx6H3c3EDzCZ8iD0KLtiiA4DZEST5OoJ0qk1-2BSwqLm8xWuho9-2F7pftBnNgUEUV-2BAx6rLr1xxMaWUbdp4tNLcSFRwBXh3rk5Gop9giTbbBmi-2FwCQlaWoZjV55XcQbpEDo6f3KsgsN47kGnsJg-3D-3D
For immediate release
[In Ukraine, Berkeley human rights experts are shaping the legal fight against war crimes](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6gTQXqoFtB58fI1KeAEfz1y-2Bti-2BvNUlVpcyO0aIkMHlftbOc5tTxzqRHSozjpd4wuPHB-2FNehwpj1G6HniPjc3Q-2BzG48-2BUM0QbYJyPCQad6bjip-2BrUBkUepj25vcia3RNNRATzMp6rkPKCItV6Dla83M-3DC0U6_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSW3XldRwHFtpkU8UNm7yEgmB2n8ZTDXmrTp35Iv5e3tR1vyuH9vujorreCfCPwqcH0FIbMScV07qzxm8IbhKS-2FeNwoTQA21yAFcomeVZSMlTsLENnhXMvyrslJxA9T-2BoxJHaQXDDUusg97GhwE13uP7XABHepsLh-2FXTpUBcZwF7N-2BPMDgS79jewHuO-2B0A8CZVg-3D-3D)
By Edward Lempinen | Media Relations
Feb. 22, 2023
https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6gTQXqoFtB58fI1KeAEfz1y-2Bti-2BvNUlVpcyO0aIkMHlftbOc5tTxzqRHSozjpd4wuPHB-2FNehwpj1G6HniPjc3Q-2BzG48-2BUM0QbYJyPCQad6bjip-2BrUBkUepj25vcia3RNNRATzMp6rkPKCItV6Dla83M-3DFC8k_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSSSxaI2gBN-2BJbjgDzW5zkL1yGcyMSPqtky-2FU38-2Bn-2F-2FfcTJ-2BeSxmKkOplgf-2BdtJsbBBi4kJfiQ7w6qWAFl0NAbrc5o6-2BY-2FnLdHWIZnVQicDdeebCGnPk1-2B9VWDl23ZqIqsN0mVku1crJPyfqyC2DRobsIMjRUJilKrFO1z-2BOtH0LK1dsK-2B3NcWmJkpQyi2Am5oQ-3D-3D
In Bucha, near Ukraine’s capital of Kyiv, Russian troops apparently committed mass killings of civilians. Ukrainian investigators are using the Berkeley Protocol, developed at the School of Law’s Human Rights Center, to analyze and preserve digital evidence of war crimes. (AP/Sipa photo by Raphael Lafargue)
Berkeley — Nearly every day for almost a year, reports have emerged of atrocities committed by Russia in Ukraine: the abduction and deportation of children, the bombing of hospitals and schools, systematic rape and mass killings. Some analysts argue that Russia is committing genocide against its democratic neighbor.
Already, Ukrainian law enforcement officials and NGOs are preparing for war crimes trials — and almost from the start of the war, their efforts to collect evidence have been guided by digital-age legal standards developed under the leadership of the Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law.
The 100-page [Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6gWHfp5cmvp4e-2BN3hNrcJhsE7SQ4U74TL-2BvwfKUyVqGLlR-2B4Dv1J6oyVdif0XuAAT9ftYFTXKcvZySyXVcMHCKNJw4BLHtrwHP6lfVMs9iPznJC9_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSWkGMSZchByp5c8ZiGkJAxLelPtBwTCyvdr6apeG8YtstnCFi71OGINhOHjPoYhQ8h3h28TMtOP7yI55nlqeKgyL7aZgx7VOKAPFw40XA-2Fkz5m7e17y-2BpLi33Mi9UjVyGdqfh0-2FzeWIknnCrkvmPS9DMrwRfh6kkuqsxrzKCKcseJuoxZbq-2BQSsoepSwKgbUfA-3D-3D), co-published by the [Human Rights Center](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6rDkLsFTpJwhFgt6XyxCWppFeTCaHV51k-2B-2F5wvgGXX4TcxtA_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSXUts2A8zM6wxDtd2VW-2B-2F4bYth9xMNvAaZGz1vHnyqBkO7G0FzNdrA4fLEjGv0TtTHGx42JyZbplgWnoJF4jBEb-2Fad4ghHh5F3TLn7wWbe8nJ7po1YGpeRmsUHGUbZBVjTPvw54NnOiddNk4Xe15vKE6RjdVB2HIx2EsKarvG4QMkefrzUaptVqJIew0xU46Dw-3D-3D) and the United Nations, will be launched formally later this year. Today, though, Ukrainians are using it as a guide to help assure that images from drones, satellites and millions of smart phones, along with countless social media posts, will be admissible evidence that meets the strict standards of international judicial bodies.
Alexa Koenig, co-director of the Human Rights Center, sees the Berkeley Protocol as “a game-changer” for human rights prosecutions. The document has a rigorously legal orientation, but it also has practical applications for Ukrainian citizens and other people in other countries who want to hold perpetrators accountable for human rights violations and war crimes.
The challenge, Koenig said, that Ukrainian law enforcement investigators, human rights activists and journalists are gathering digital evidence of war crimes, but they sometimes lack the training or experience to assure that the data meets rigorous standards for accuracy and authenticity required in international judicial cases.
“How do we help them understand that if they want this kind of information to have weight in court, they need to be protecting the integrity of the data from the outset so that we don’t lose this opportunity?” she asked.
Not since World War II has Europe been the setting for such brutal and wide-ranging human rights violations — and never in human history has the technology existed to allow for extensive, detailed documentation of the crimes virtually in real time.
In Ukraine today, anyone with a smart phone can be collect evidence to support human rights investigations. And that, Berkeley officials say, is both an opportunity and a challenge.
If data is gathered casually, without rigorous documentation of specific details such as time, place and source, then it will have little value in a war crimes trial at the International Criminal Court (ICC). At the same time, technology makes it relatively easy for combatants to inject disinformation into these streams of data, clouding the waters and leaving even legitimate evidence open to suspicion.
Official investigators coming into such a chaotic situation might struggle to manage the tides of data, to “figure out where is the signal in the noise, and to verify it,” said Lindsay Freeman, director of the Technology, Law and Policy program at the Human Rights Center. “The Berkeley Protocol provides high-level advice for managing that environment.”
And in working with civil society groups throughout Ukraine, Freeman said, the center’s staff has been “developing on-the ground methodologies for how to sort through this environment.”
Grave violation of rights, but poor quality evidence
The Berkeley Protocol emerged gradually, over a decade or more, propelled by a powerful wave of technological change and geopolitical turmoil.
Koenig recalled period in the early 2010s, when the human rights community realized that a high proportion of cases considered at the ICC were collapsing almost before they’d begun. The Human Rights Center sent a Ph.D. student to The Hague to study the situation.
The problem, the researcher discovered, was evidence — specifically, poor quality evidence. Too much of it was secondhand accounts from reports and studies, though written by respected organizations. And even the most harrowing first-person accounts provided by survivors often lacked firm corroborating detail.
The research inspired a multi-year process, centered at Berkeley, that drew in over 100 experts in international law, judicial procedure, human rights, history, technology and other fields. Some were from the U.N. and the ICC, and some from social media companies. Others had prosecuted war crimes cases in Cambodia and Kosovo. Some were diplomats with expertise in war crimes, while others specialized in cybersecurity or the impact of war crimes targeting women.
Their discussions and workshops unfolded at a historic inflection point: The Internet was an established force. Smart phones were proliferating. Social media like Facebook and Twitter were still young, but increasingly popular worldwide. And in Syria, a savage effort by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to crush a civil uprising was generating storms of global outrage — and oceans of open source evidence that the regime was abusing human rights and committing war crimes.
Then, in 2014, at about the same time as the Human Rights Center was holding workshops on open source evidence with the ICC and others, Russia illegally annexed Ukraine’s Crimea region.
‘This is exactly why we created the protocol’
In late 2020, working with the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the center released the English-language version of the Berkeley Protocol. In August 2021, Berkeley’s Human Rights Center began working on a Ukraine-related investigation and consulting with Ukrainian NGOs on Russian cyberattacks.
When Russia launched its unprovoked invasion on Feb. 24, 2022, the Ukrainians put the Berkeley Protocol into action.
“It was immediately a resource for them,” Freeman said. “They created an unofficial translation (into Ukrainian) and published it and shared it — they did that on their own.”
The Human Rights Center then [posted the translation](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6hn5CregUPRSEYxTHIAryES-2B-2BP4V2BXCZ5CqzmujQzPwJVpCu0ajjDPHlXXDirCSKoOuajYRDfE4FgON4xFG9jqDI-2BMuZ-2BI5mT9XnfKTZd6qrH9PkxpQ2Z9SUCwu-2BwNtul9khQiUloSmidkEds43Zck-3DXvco_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSa9bDPIeWfU-2BGM-2FeHl7EnpekaK-2BR2YKS5dKTiKA8Sw8YxrOv4rTusj3OqkonB16MSxLTsOsuefHCwBOvqyYgaXZrUFt49aaMF-2FWeC4-2B58I-2Fm4kbJGHsTB0hEtVVd6-2F75Wh6A-2BADjNtUhjqAb9H4JF6OtlJTeCGi1mn4l1PAic4Zt7DyyAwCpU8MeJqndH2UNLA-3D-3D) on its website. Staff did a virtual training for a group of NGOs operating under the umbrella of the [Ukraine 5 AM Coalition](https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=uDPfAnrJXoDw8-2BCe3b2e6u-2FMgTrMSnWkxyDdHVTSO9Dc-2F0AmQoouUmt3kCRRp-2BmAxX10_mLoYh0p4AWg4foFr5HgrZ1QioQ33bLwdnQ-2BsYGKFX9mv8wVBOgi5GpVq-2FNhlrfTl-2BTI61oGMQNfTGLPKQc-2F-2BKWIb2uEidh5Cy9Snrxt2Kvdg46NMTv1EBYVNMuj4LXg-2FrQOofm4aCo4Kj-2BojUmPSHs1SEAhpLoynfzp1bO92igm9-2BJDJQ3dGKvi8DXFbzCrhycPtkC8mf2XBXKUz6QIjSR-2BBXUogMNcsrcm9aCI3oJLIsZfFnPN0vSNUopWVo-2BVtk-2B04s5Bgp2fkRlbVPw-2BYJLwUseSKZcNG4Nw38JKh-2BiGDIzry0HV7GXcVTtGSC9tAPsT-2BQ3-2BeEctldv9eXStikWUpS-2F4n9dK1TgqUQsdTdN6kUUz1cltcZF6hBat-2F9tvWvabB3To9mh5XBYPra9UZkA-3D-3D) (named for the hour of the invasion on Feb. 24.)
Even Ukrainian police began using the protocol, Freeman said. Iryna Venediktova, then Ukraine’s prosecutor general, endorsed it, too.
“We have a team of prosecutors who register evidence of war crimes available in open sources, in line with Criminal Procedure Code (and) the Berkeley Protocol … so that such evidence is admissible before international judicial institutions,” Venediktova tweeted in the weeks after the Russian invasion.
Meanwhile, Freeman explained, Russian forces have been communicating on Telegram and other social media channels, providing an additional stream of evidence for investigators.
And the relevant data needs to be curated, verified and securely stored for future trials.